Risks & Hedges: Front-Load Uncertainty into System Design

Regulatory shifts, rail fees/availability, fraud/chargebacks, MM timing conflicts, and growth-quality checks are inevitable.

Countermeasures: regional switches, rail redundancy, limit/price-banding, black/white lists, pre/in/post risk, reconciliation & arbitration, all as first-class system capabilities.

With invisible engineering prepared, products gain tolerance and resist external shocks.